Queen Victoria on the left in her mourning garb admiring a bust of her late husband.
Widow's Weeds & Victorian Funerals
Some of the most elaborate and extravagant funerary practices come from our Victorian ancestors. Enjoy the below historical oddities and relish in the fact you are alive now, and not then. So what were "Widow's Weeds?" It was another name for mourning attire popularized after Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert died in 1861. She never stopped morning until her death in 1901 and all of the world seemed to mourn with her. The Civil War also started in 1861, bringing on wide scale death and mourning in the United States with the southern states being hit the worst. If you were a fairly well-to-do woman during this time period in England or the United States, here were some basic guidelines of mourning to go by should you find yourself a widow, have a death in the family or find yourself planning a funeral.
Mourning Rules for Women
1. You are not allowed to leave the house unless you are wearing all black and a mourning veil. Do this for one year if it's the death of your child. Two years if you have lost your husband. Oh...and if you found you were left with some breathing problems, it was just from the veil you had to wear. The crepe material had a toxic glue in it that just messed with your respiratory system. No worries though! You're still alive right?
1860 "Mrs. Howe"
2. If you can't afford a new, black mourning dress, just dye one you have black. It can always be bleached and dyed again later. Make sure the material has no luster or shine to it. It must be dull as dirt.
3. After one year, feel free to add some jewelry and maybe a few frills to your black wardrobe for the next nine months. You are now in what is called, "half mourning" mode. Purple is usually the acceptable color, maybe some mauve. After nine months is up, you can start adding some other color back into your life.
4. A little confused as to all these rules? No fear! Just pick up some of the well liked magazines of the time. Magazines like Cassell's or The Queen will steer you in the right direction so you don't make a mistake in the mourning process. How embarrassing if you did! There are different levels of mourning if it's your parents, or just a distant cousin. Here's a basic list to go by. Husband or wife is two to two and a half years mourning. If your kid dies and they were over 10 years old, mourning is six months to a year. The same time goes for your parents. If your child was under 10, just mourn for three to six months. If your baby died, just mourn for six weeks and you should be fine. Your aunt and uncle should be mourned for three to six months. Grandparents should be six months and if it was a distant relative, three weeks should suffice.
5. Don't leave home without your mourning jewelry! These pieces were typically made out of jet for its black color but other, cheaper materials dark in color also worked. Hair jewelry became very popular during this time. What's hair jewelry? Take a lock of your dead loved one's hair and use it in a broach or weave it into a fancy design. Sometimes hair would be braided and made into a necklace or bracelet with a locket on it to put the dead one's photo inside of.
The flowers in this piece are actually made out of hair. Notice the center picture of the two grave side mourners .
Rules for Men
1. Widowers should consider being in mourning for two years, but if you meet a new girl, do what you want. (Typical.)
2. Tuck a nice black handkerchief in the front pocket of your suit coat or wear your darker suits. Maybe a piece of black crepe tied to your hat. That's all.
The Victorian Funeral Process in Brief
Before funeral parlors, just about everyone who lost a family member had what was known as a "wake" in their home. A "wake" is actually called that because the body would be monitored at all times, in the event it woke up and tried walking out the door - or in some cases, was never dead to begin with! Being buried alive actually happened to people, especially when they were just in a deep coma and seemed dead, but weren't! Usually the front parlor or a living room was used to display the body for a few days at the wake. Flowers would surround the coffin and they weren't just there to look pretty. They also doubled as an old fashioned Febreze to cover up the rotting body in the room. Embalming really didn't come about till after the Civil War. Civil War doctors needed to figure out ways to preserve the bodies of the soldiers while out on the field so they could be shipped home for burial, hence embalming fluids and formaldehyde were eventually developed as a bodily preservative. So there the body laid, in the living room, waiting to be buried, sometimes for days at a time. Imagine if your home was small and only had a few rooms? If the person died on a Monday, they sat in the house that much longer as people preferred to bury on Sundays. The house also had to be prepared for the wake and to let everyone know there had been a death. Every clock in the house would be stopped at the time of death. The curtains would be drawn on every window and because the Victorians believed in their fair share of superstition, you had to cover every mirror in the house with black crepe material. Why? Because when you turn into a spirit, you may get confused and get sucked into a mirror. Who knows what's behind a mirror! It could just be a medicine cabinet or a wall, but we all know that it's typically a creepy portal to somewhere awful. Yep... So continuing on with your home funeral decorating tips, make sure to hang a specific type of wreath with black ribbon on the front door as well. This was another way to alert everyone in the neighborhood that there was a death in the family. When it came to the burial day, it was thought best to carry the body out of the house feet first so the "spirit" couldn't look back at the home and take someone down to the grave with them. Dead people are just so mean and vindictive. Mourners during the funeral could also prevent a haunting by the dead person if they were cloaked in the regulation black. As for the popularity of the mourning veil, Hoag Levins writes in his article, "A Lively Look at the History of Death: Exploring the Architecture and Rituals of Civil War-Era Mourning,"another of the superstitions they believed in back then was that spirits of the departed would hover around those they loved. And if a passerby looked directly on the mourner's face, that spirit might attach itself to that person. So, the veil was a protection for the wearer as well as a protection for others."
Old photo of Victorian mutes or professional mourners.
The Victorian funeral procession was like a grand parade, only depressing beyond belief. There were all sorts of characters with the funeral from the pall bearers to people called "mutes" whose official job title was actually "professional mourner." Their job was to walk with the funeral in silent sorrow in honor of the deceased, usually with exaggerated sadness expressed on their face. Sometimes they would be paid to just stand in front of the house, just looking all sad and creepy. Women professional mourners would cry despondently to get others worked up and crying. The hearse was a beautiful glass box on wheels pulled by a team of horses adorned with black ostrich feathers on their heads. (For all of you Haunted Mansion fans at Walt Disney World, remember to check out the nice Victorian hearse reproduction the next time you're standing in front of the mansion.)
The casket would be surrounded by flowers inside the glass hearse. No detail was too small for this event. Many people spent their life savings on an elaborate funeral and whole businesses were developed to meet the needs of every little detail you could possibly need to buy or didn't know you even needed or wanted. Eventually, the extravagant and expensive funeral practices started to die out as people realized how impractical they were. After the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, her rigid reign and strict codes of conduct, especially for women, started to fall away and the world started to brighten up. Mourning practices started to become just another page in history...or a blog.
1894 advertisement from The Times newspaper in London.
